Platelet Factor 4 human
Properties
| Product # | Platelet Factor 4 human (PF4-h) |
| Species | human |
| Source | Thrombocytes |
| Mol wt. | 7.8 kDa (monomer); 31.2 kDa (tetramer) |
| UniProt # | P02776 |
| Purity | > 98% (SDS-PAGE) |
| Product sizes | 200 µg, 1mg (different sizes are available on request) |
| Quality control | PF4/Heparin-ELISA (HIT-Test)*, PF4-ELISA, Western Blot, N-terminal sequencing and MALDI-TOF-MS |
| Physical form | Lyophilized in PBS (0.22 µm filtered) carrier free, Lyophilized in HBSS (0.22 µm Filter) carrier free, Lyophilized in 1.6 M NaCl (0.22 µm Filter) carrier free (different buffers are available on request) |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute carefully in A. dest. (1µl/µg PF4). Adjust the protein concentration with the chosen buffer. Do not vortex. |
| Shipping | Ambient temperature |
| Storage | Store dark in working aliquots at -20°C to -80°C. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing. |
| Stability | Lyophilisate is stable for at least 24 month. |
Description
Platelet Factor 4 (PF4; also known as CXCL4) is synthesized in megakaryocytes and platelets. The monomer of the chemokine consists of 70 amino acids resulting in a molecular weight of 7.8 kDa. Depending on the protein concentration and buffer conditions, PF4 appears as a mono-, di-, tri-, or tetramer. PF4 is biologically active in the tetrameric form, promotes blood coagulation and is also important in wound healing and inflammation. PF4, together with heparin (PF4-heparin complex) is an important antigen of antibodies inducing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Purified PF4 is used in several laboratory tests for the detection of HIT antibodies.
*The production of PF4 and its quality control is performed in collaboration with the Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine of the University Medicine Greifswald.
Publications referencing this product:
- Bertini S, Fareed J, Madaschi L, et al. Characterization of PF4-Heparin Complexes by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy and Zeta Potential. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2017; doi: 10.1177/1076029616685430
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1076029616685430?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed - Nguyen T-H, Greinacher A, Delcea M. Quantitative description of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the platelet factor 4/heparin bonds. Nanoscale. 2015; 7:10130-10139
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2015/NR/C5NR02132D#!divAbstract - Arman M, Krauel K, Tilley DO, et al. Amplification of bacteria-induced platelet activation is triggered by FcγRIIA, integrin αIIbβ3, and platelet factor 4. Blood. 2014;123(20):3166–74.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/123/20/3166.long?sso-checked=true - Block S, Greinacher A, Helm CA, et al. Characterization of bonds formed between platelet factor 4 and negatively charged drugs using single molecule force spectroscopy. Soft matter. 2014;10(16):2775–84.
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/SM/c3sm52609g#!divAbstract - Schulze A, Jensch I, Krauel K, et al. New insights in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia by the use of fluid-phase assays to detect specifically platelet factor 4/heparin complex antibodies and antibody-secreting cells. Thrombosis research. 2014;134(1):174–81.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004938481400228X - Kreimann M, Brandt S, Krauel K, et al. Binding of anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies depends on the thermodynamics of conformational changes in platelet factor 4. Blood. 2014;124(15):2442–9.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/124/15/2442.long - Jaax ME, Krauel K, Marschall T, et al. Complex formation with nucleic acids and aptamers alters the antigenic properties of platelet factor 4. Blood. 2013;122(2):272–81.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/122/2/272.long - Krauel K, Hackbarth C, Fürll B, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: in vitro studies on the interaction of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and low-sulfated heparin, with platelet factor 4 and anti-PF4/heparin antibodies. Blood. 2012;119(5):1248–55.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/119/5/1248.long - Krauel K, Weber C, Brandt S, et al. Platelet factor 4 binding to lipid A of Gram-negative bacteria exposes PF4/heparin-like epitopes. Blood. 2012;120(16):3345–52.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/120/16/3345.long?sso-checked=true - Kolde H-J, Dostatni R, Mauracher S. Rapid and simple IgG specific test for the exclusion of heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 2011;49(12):2065–8.
http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cclm.2011.49.issue-12/cclm.2011.693/cclm.2011.693.xml;jsessionid=51EFD1CF9C16145F6D60E19B3BE38680 - Krauel K, Pӧtschke C, Weber C, et al. Platelet factor 4 binds to bacteria, inducing antibodies cross-reacting with the major antigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2011;117(4):1370–8.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/117/4/1370.long - Greinacher A, Holtfreter B, Krauel K, et al. Association of natural anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies with periodontal disease. Blood. 2011;118(5):1395–401.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/118/5/1395.long - Selleng K, Schütt A, Selleng S, et al. Studies of the anti-platelet factor 4/heparin immune response: adapting the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay for detection of memory B cells against complex antigens. Transfusion. 2010;50(1):32–9.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02360.x/abstract - Greinacher A, Ittermann T, Bagemühl J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: towards standardization of platelet factor 4/heparin antigen tests. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2010;8(9):2025–31.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03974.x/abstract - Koenen RR, von Hundelshausen P, Nesmelova IV, et al. Disrupting functional interactions between platelet chemokines inhibits atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Nature medicine. 2009;15(1):97–103.
http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v15/n1/full/nm.1898.html - Xiao Z, Visentin GP, Dayananda KM, et al. Immune complexes formed following the binding of anti-platelet factor 4 (CXCL4) antibodies to CXCL4 stimulate human neutrophil activation and cell adhesion. Blood. 2008;112(4):1091–100.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/112/4/1091.long - Krauel K, Fürll B, Warkentin T, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia-therapeutic concentrations of danaparoid, unlike fondaparinux and direct thrombin inhibitors, inhibit formation of platelet factor 4-heparin complexes. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2008;6(12):2160–7.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03171.x/abstract - Schenk S, EL-BANAYOSY A, Morshuis M, et al. IgG classification of anti-PF4/heparin antibodies to identify patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during mechanical circulatory support. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2007;5(2):235–41.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02295.x/abstract - Juhl D, Eichler P, Lubenow N, et al. Incidence and clinical significance of anti-PF4/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA class in 755 consecutive patient samples referred for diagnostic testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. European journal of haematology. 2006;76(5):420–6.
ttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00621.x/abstract - Greinacher A, Gopinadhan M, Günther J-U, et al. Close approximation of two platelet factor 4 tetramers by charge neutralization forms the antigens recognized by HIT antibodies. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2006;26(10):2386–93.
http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/26/10/2386.long - Von Hundelshausen P, Koenen RR, Sack M, et al. Heterophilic interactions of platelet factor 4 and RANTES promote monocyte arrest on endothelium. Blood. 2005;105(3):924–30.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/105/3/924.long?sso-checked=true
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