Plättchenfaktor 4 human
Eigenschaften
| Produkt # | Plättchenfaktor 4 human (PF4-h) |
| Spezies | human |
| Herkunft | Thrombozyten |
| Mol G. | 7.8 kDa (Monomer); 31,2 kDa (Tetramer) |
| UniProt # | P02776 |
| Reinheit | > 98% (SDS-PAGE) |
| Produktgrößen | 200 µg, 1mg (andere Packungsgrößen auf Anfrage) |
| Qualitätskontrolle | PF4/Heparin-ELISA (HIT-Test)*, PF4-ELISA, Western Blot, N-terminale Sequenzierung und MALDI-TOF-MS |
| Aggregatzustand | Lyophilisiert in PBS (0.22 µm Filter) ohne Carrier, Lyophilisiert in HBSS (0.22 µm Filter) ohne Carrier, Lyophilisiert in 1.6 M NaCl (0.22 µm Filter) ohne Carrier (weitere Puffer auf Anfrage) |
| Rekonstitution | vorsichtig auflösen in A. dest. (1µl/µg PF4). Einstellen der gewünschten Proteinkonzentration mit dem entsprechenden Puffer. Nicht vortexen. |
| Versand | Umgebungstemperatur |
| Lagerung | Lagerung bei -20°C bis -80°C. Mehrfaches Auftauen und Einfrieren sind zu vermeiden. |
| Haltbarkeit | Das Lyophilisat ist bei -20°C 24 Monate haltbar. |
Beschreibung
Plättchenfaktor 4 (PF4; auch bekannt als CXCL4) wird in Megakaryozyten und Plättchen (Thrombozyten) exprimiert. PF4-Monomere bestehen aus 70 Aminosäuren, was einem Molekulargewicht von 7.8 kDa entspricht. Unter verschiedenen Bedingungen (Proteinkonzentration, pH Wert etc.), kommt PF4 als Mono-,Di-, Tri-, oder Tetramer vor. Als Tetramer (biologisch aktive Form) ist PF4 an der Blutgerinnung und Wundheilung, aber auch an Entzündungsreaktionen beteiligt. Zusammen mit Heparin, stellen PF4-Tetramere (PF4/Heparin-Komplex) ein wichtiges Antigen von Antikörpern dar, welche eine Heparin-induzierten Thrombozytopenie (HIT) auslösen können. Aufgereinigtes PF4 wird daher zum Nachweis von HIT-Antikörpern in verschiedenen Labortests verwendet.
*Die Herstellung von PF4 und die Qualitätskontrollen werden in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin (Abteilung Transfusionsmedizin) der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald durchgeführt.
Publikationen in denen dieses Produkt verwendet wurde:
- Bertini S, Fareed J, Madaschi L, et al. Characterization of PF4-Heparin Complexes by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy and Zeta Potential. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2017; doi: 10.1177/1076029616685430
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1076029616685430?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed - Nguyen T-H, Greinacher A, Delcea M. Quantitative description of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the platelet factor 4/heparin bonds. Nanoscale. 2015; 7:10130-10139
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2015/NR/C5NR02132D#!divAbstract - Arman M, Krauel K, Tilley DO, et al. Amplification of bacteria-induced platelet activation is triggered by FcγRIIA, integrin αIIbβ3, and platelet factor 4. Blood. 2014;123(20):3166–74.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/123/20/3166.long?sso-checked=true - Block S, Greinacher A, Helm CA, et al. Characterization of bonds formed between platelet factor 4 and negatively charged drugs using single molecule force spectroscopy. Soft matter. 2014;10(16):2775–84.
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/SM/c3sm52609g#!divAbstract - Schulze A, Jensch I, Krauel K, et al. New insights in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia by the use of fluid-phase assays to detect specifically platelet factor 4/heparin complex antibodies and antibody-secreting cells. Thrombosis research. 2014;134(1):174–81.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004938481400228X - Kreimann M, Brandt S, Krauel K, et al. Binding of anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies depends on the thermodynamics of conformational changes in platelet factor 4. Blood. 2014;124(15):2442–9.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/124/15/2442.long - Jaax ME, Krauel K, Marschall T, et al. Complex formation with nucleic acids and aptamers alters the antigenic properties of platelet factor 4. Blood. 2013;122(2):272–81.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/122/2/272.long - Krauel K, Hackbarth C, Fürll B, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: in vitro studies on the interaction of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and low-sulfated heparin, with platelet factor 4 and anti-PF4/heparin antibodies. Blood. 2012;119(5):1248–55.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/119/5/1248.long - Krauel K, Weber C, Brandt S, et al. Platelet factor 4 binding to lipid A of Gram-negative bacteria exposes PF4/heparin-like epitopes. Blood. 2012;120(16):3345–52.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/120/16/3345.long?sso-checked=true - Kolde H-J, Dostatni R, Mauracher S. Rapid and simple IgG specific test for the exclusion of heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 2011;49(12):2065–8.
http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cclm.2011.49.issue-12/cclm.2011.693/cclm.2011.693.xml;jsessionid=51EFD1CF9C16145F6D60E19B3BE38680 - Krauel K, Pӧtschke C, Weber C, et al. Platelet factor 4 binds to bacteria, inducing antibodies cross-reacting with the major antigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2011;117(4):1370–8.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/117/4/1370.long - Greinacher A, Holtfreter B, Krauel K, et al. Association of natural anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies with periodontal disease. Blood. 2011;118(5):1395–401.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/118/5/1395.long - Selleng K, Schütt A, Selleng S, et al. Studies of the anti-platelet factor 4/heparin immune response: adapting the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay for detection of memory B cells against complex antigens. Transfusion. 2010;50(1):32–9.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02360.x/abstract - Greinacher A, Ittermann T, Bagemühl J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: towards standardization of platelet factor 4/heparin antigen tests. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2010;8(9):2025–31.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03974.x/abstract - Koenen RR, von Hundelshausen P, Nesmelova IV, et al. Disrupting functional interactions between platelet chemokines inhibits atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Nature medicine. 2009;15(1):97–103.
http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v15/n1/full/nm.1898.html - Xiao Z, Visentin GP, Dayananda KM, et al. Immune complexes formed following the binding of anti-platelet factor 4 (CXCL4) antibodies to CXCL4 stimulate human neutrophil activation and cell adhesion. Blood. 2008;112(4):1091–100.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/112/4/1091.long - Krauel K, Fürll B, Warkentin T, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia-therapeutic concentrations of danaparoid, unlike fondaparinux and direct thrombin inhibitors, inhibit formation of platelet factor 4-heparin complexes. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2008;6(12):2160–7.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03171.x/abstract - Schenk S, EL-BANAYOSY A, Morshuis M, et al. IgG classification of anti-PF4/heparin antibodies to identify patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during mechanical circulatory support. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2007;5(2):235–41.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02295.x/abstract - Juhl D, Eichler P, Lubenow N, et al. Incidence and clinical significance of anti-PF4/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA class in 755 consecutive patient samples referred for diagnostic testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. European journal of haematology. 2006;76(5):420–6.
ttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00621.x/abstract - Greinacher A, Gopinadhan M, Günther J-U, et al. Close approximation of two platelet factor 4 tetramers by charge neutralization forms the antigens recognized by HIT antibodies. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2006;26(10):2386–93.
http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/26/10/2386.long - Von Hundelshausen P, Koenen RR, Sack M, et al. Heterophilic interactions of platelet factor 4 and RANTES promote monocyte arrest on endothelium. Blood. 2005;105(3):924–30.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/105/3/924.long?sso-checked=true
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